The Human Rights Watch World Report 2026 places Zambia under fresh international scrutiny, documenting what it describes as a tightening environment for civil liberties, political participation, and public expression ahead of the August 2026 general elections.
The report, released in New York and covering developments across 100 countries, states that Zambia’s human rights climate in 2025 “became increasingly hostile to perceived dissent, criticism, and political opposition.” It attributes this shift to a combination of legal changes, enforcement patterns, and state responses to critics and opposition figures.
Central to the findings are two pieces of legislation enacted in April 2025 — the Cyber Security Act and the Cyber Crimes Act — which civil society organisations in Zambia say fall short of international human rights standards. The report states that these laws raise concerns about privacy, accountability, and the protection of democratic freedoms.
According to the report, the Cyber Security Act allows law enforcement officers to request service providers to intercept communications without a warrant under certain conditions. It further grants authorities powers to conduct real-time data collection, communication interception, and broad search-and-seizure operations. Civil society organisations cited in the report warn that such provisions could expose citizens to surveillance without sufficient safeguards.
Government responded to these concerns through a statement from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, maintaining that the Cyber Security Act “was not intended to invade any person’s privacy” and does not authorise mass or random surveillance. Authorities stated that the law contains safeguards aligned with international digital rights frameworks.
The report also tracks legal action taken by the Law Association of Zambia, which petitioned the High Court in July 2025 to declare aspects of the Cyber Crimes Act unconstitutional. The association argues that the legislation infringes on freedoms of expression, speech, conscience, association, and media activity. By October, the court had not yet heard the case.
Restrictions on public assembly and political activity also feature prominently. The report states that provisions of the Public Order Act of 1955 have been used to regulate and, in some cases, restrict opposition gatherings and protests. Under the Act, authorities can halt public processions that do not have permits.
Findings from Zambia’s Electoral Reform Technical Committee are cited, indicating that enforcement of the Public Order Act has at times occurred “without regard to the basic human rights of freedom to associate and free speech.” The committee raised concerns over police impartiality, political interference, and limitations on assembly during election periods. It recommended reforms to both the Public Order Act and the Police Act, warning that the Zambia Police Service risks being used for political purposes rather than maintaining neutrality.
The report documents several criminal cases involving individuals charged with insulting the president. In January, two brothers, Ernest Kaumba, 22, and Elijah Kaumba, 26, appeared before the Lusaka Magistrate Court on such charges after being held in custody for over two months. They were later granted bail.
In July, two women were sentenced to prison terms of two and three years respectively for similar offences. The presiding magistrate imposed custodial sentences, stating they were intended to deter future offenders and uphold the dignity of the presidency. The offences under the law also carry the option of a fine.
Another case cited occurred in September, when two men were sentenced to two years in prison with hard labour for attempting to use witchcraft to harm President Hakainde Hichilema. Authorities relied on provisions under the Witchcraft Act, a colonial-era statute that criminalises such acts.
The report notes that critics have raised concerns about the application of such laws, stating that certain prosecutions could be used in politically sensitive contexts.
Beyond civil and political rights, the report examines environmental and public health concerns. It details a February 18, 2025 incident in Chambishi on the Copperbelt, where a tailings dam operated by Sino-Metals Leach Zambia burst, releasing acidic effluent into the Kafue River watershed. The spill reportedly killed fish and livestock and damaged crops.
An investigation by Drizit, a South African environmental firm contracted by Sino-Metals, found that approximately 900,000 cubic metres of toxic tailings remained, exceeding World Health Organization thresholds. The company warned that communities could face long-term risks if the material is not properly contained.
Government has stated that the spill does not pose a serious ongoing health risk. The report notes that a comprehensive independent investigation involving international and domestic experts had not yet been completed, and testing for possible heavy metal exposure in affected communities had not been fully undertaken.
The report also revisits longstanding contamination in Kabwe, where an estimated 200,000 residents remain exposed to lead decades after the closure of a mine. Children in the area continue to face developmental risks linked to lead exposure. The African Committee of Experts on the Rights and the Welfare of the Child called in January 2025 for expanded remediation, testing, and treatment programmes.
Between May and July, a government-appointed interministerial committee met on the issue, though the report states that progress appeared limited. Mining and processing activities involving contaminated waste continued in parts of Kabwe, with companies reportedly relocating hazardous materials into open piles, raising further health concerns.
The report also notes that Zambia’s penal code continues to criminalise same-sex relations, with penalties of up to 14 years in prison. A petition seeking decriminalisation was dismissed by the Constitutional Court in July 2025. The report states that members of the LGBT community face threats, discrimination, and detention.
The findings place Zambia within a broader global assessment of governance, rights protections, and institutional accountability, with the report drawing attention to how legal frameworks and enforcement practices intersect with electoral processes and civic participation ahead of the 2026 elections.
Source: Human Rights Watch World Report 2026

